[22] After its commemoration, the great temple and the capital had close business relations with the rest of the country and acted as a center of both religious and economic activity. -. Chola armies occupied the northern half of Lanka and named the dominion Mummudi Chola Mandalam. Bala Devar questions Rajaraja and tells him that Satyasiriyan will attack. [5] Madhuranthaga, as the only child of Gandaraditya (the brother of Arinjaya Chola), wanted the Chola throne as he felt it was his birthright. The Cholas never lost their hold of the Ganga country from the efforts of Sundara Chola, facilitating that conquest. [10] RajaRajan's desire to bring the whole Lankan island under Cholan empire was never fulfilled and the southern part of the island (Ruhuna) remained independent. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Raja_Raja_Chola_I&oldid=1090867, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. The copper-plate inscription mention that Rajarajas powerful army crossed the ocean by ships and burnt up the Anuradhapura Kingdom. The iconic king Raja Chola was the most powerful king in south India during his period of 985 CE -1014 CE. Parantaka Chola I who had made extensive conquests had in fact subdued the Deccan kingdom that flourished in this region in 913.C.E. Ho Chi Minh: Remembering the King and the Saint, Why the Second World War Remains Relevant for India Today, Undoing Erasure: What the 4,000-Year History of Palestine Tells Us, In the Idea of an All India NRC, Echoes of Reich Citizenship Law. "I am not well versed with history like Vetrimaran, but let him point out two churches and mosques built by Raja Raja Cholan. Vetrimaaran claimed, during the recently held event of Thirumavalavan's 60th birthday, that Raja Raja Cholan is receiving a . We are not, however, told to what productive purpose they applied this money. "He was known to be victorious, fearless, all-conquering," he added. The Kulottunga-Cholan-ula also mentions the burning of Udagai. Rajaraja utilized that opportunity and invaded the island. Kalki imagines Arulmozhi sacrificing his rightful claim to the throne by crowning Uttama during his own coronation. [16] In the same inscription, he accuses Rajendra of having arrived with a force of 900,000 and of having gone on rampage in Donuwara thereby blurring the moralities of war as laid out in the Dharmasastras. Some suggest that it was his desire to use his naval strength to . He promoted International trade by patronising "Thisai ayirathi ettu Ainootruvar", which is an ancient Tamil trade organisation which carried on trade from the length and breadth of the Indian Ocean From the Arabia to the Malaya. The tower or the sikhara is very high and decorated with sculptures. Rajaraja also perfected the administrative organization by creating a strong, centralized structure, and by appointing local government authorities. He was, of course, well aware of English colonisation and the Indian anti-colonial struggle, and he reportedly said once in a conversation comparing the Indian to the Vietnamese situation. Thiruvalangadu inscription again states: The southern kingdoms of Pandyas, Cheras and the Sinhalas often allied against the Cholas. "Naval Warfare in ancient India". To some of these regiments, the management of certain minor shrines of the temple was entrusted and they were expected to provide for the requirements of the shrine. The building of the Rajarajesvara temple in Thanjavur and the various endowments and gifts to it occupied a prominent place in the kings priorities during those years. She had an elder brother - Aditha Chola II, and a younger brother - Raja Raja cholan I. Kundavai married Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan, a member of the Bana Dynasty, a feudatory of the Cholas mentioned in the Tanjore inscriptions. [23], The increasing realization of the importance of a good Navy and the desire to neutralize the emerging Chera Naval power were probably the reasons for the Kandalur campaign in the early days of Rajarajas reign.[24]. to restore Saktivarman to the Eastern Chalukya throne. Rajaraja, the third child of Parantaka Sundara Chola and Vanavan Mahadevi, has also been known by his birth name Arulmozhivarman. The inscription also mentions about the 25th year of King Raja Raja Chola's reign and refers the Pandiya land captured as Raja Raja Mandalam.. There is no evidence of any military campaign undertaken by Rajaraja until the eighth year of his reign. . His life story is so unique that it reads almost like magical realism. Rajaraja, disguised as a sage, appears and asks them why make the armies fight and lead to so many people's deaths, when only Rajendran and Vimalathithan should fight. During the reign of Rajaraja Chola, there were continuous wars with the Western Chalukyas to assert supremacy and there are multiple epigraphic evidences that show that the Cholas were constantly fighting with the Chalukyas or against the vassals of the latter. A glimpse of the prosperity and cultural power of the Cholas can be ascertained from the fact that more than 300 temples in the state were built during their rule. He confronts his father, who informs Rajendra that he shall lead the army to attack the Vengi king. His successors evidently followed his example and have left us more or less complete records of their conquests. The circumstances that led to the war with the Chalukya king Satyasraya remain unclear. He allied with Pandyas and Cheras against the common archenemy Cholas. The Cholas controlled the area around of Bay of Bengal and turned it to Chola Lake. Buried: Brahmadesam near Vellore. Others among them took money from the temple on interest, which they agreed to pay in cash. Rajaraja had the first king of South India to introduce that innovation into his inscriptions. His son Rajendra Chola led the conquest continued in the year 1017 and brought the entire island under Chola rule. [36] [15] At the end of that war, the southern banks of the Thungabadhra river became the frontier between those two empires. The name of the third daughter is not known. Wasn't he a Hindu then?" he said. Raja Raja Chola embarked on a mission to recover the hymns after hearing short excerpts of Tevaram in his court. [9] The film's prints were taken to theatres atop an elephant. Rajaraja Chola's mother, Vaanavan Maadevi, was the daughter of Thirukkovilur king, Malayamaan Thirumudi Kaari. Chakravarti, Prithwis Chandra. The invasion of the Ganga country proved a complete success and the entire Ganga country came under the Chola rule for the next century. [19] There is also a similar inscription in the Channapatna taluk that shows Rajaraja crushing the Hoysalas. The king informs him that he plans to kill Vimalathithan and get Kundavi married to Satryasiriyan's son, and would not drink the milk as Poonkodi has poisoned the milk. Produced by The Learning Channel. This was an early instance of the commonality expressed in the struggles of Vietnam and India. Growing weakness [ edit] Middle Tamil Inscriptions at the Airavatesvarar Temple Their conduct would not have surprised Ho Chi Minh, who had visited the US and was familiar with the reality of American civilisation, as he had termed it earlier. Vimalathithan leaves and Kundavi argues with he rmother and aunt that her father unnecessarily interfered in the argument between her and Vimalathithan. Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (left) and Vietnamese President Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi, October 18, 1954. Rajendra Chola improved the ships of his father and was the First Indian Ruler to establish the First Indian Naval Fleet some 1200 years back. Producer G. Umapathy merits a pat on the back for steering so huge a project safely home". The next morning, all the kings in the empire pay their respects to Rajaraja, and Vimalathithan is released and sings a song praising the emperor. Each of them set up a number of images in the Rajarajesvara temple and made gifts to them. 1. Rajendra refuses to do it, and gives his sword to his father. A dynastic marriage between the Vengi prince Vimaladitya and Rajarajas daughter Kundavai sealed the alliance between the two ruling families. Satyasraya became the Chalukya king. The invasion of the Ganga country was a success and the entire Ganga country was under the Chola rule for the next century. [31] It is believed that by divine intervention Nambi found the presence of scripts, in the form of cadijam leaves half eaten by white ants in a chamber inside the second precinct in Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram. For instance, an inscription of his reign found at Tirumalavadi near Thruchi records an order of the king to the effect that the central shrine of the Vaidyanatha temple at the place should be rebuilt and that, before pulling down the walls, the inscriptions engraved on them should be copied in a book. Perundanattu-Valangai-Velaikkarappadaigal. The naval conquest of the old islands of the sea numbering 12,000, the Maldives marked one of the last conquests of Rajaraja. Nehru was one of the first foreign dignitaries to visit Vietnam in 1954, after the victory of the Vietnamese over the French in Dien Bien Phu and the signing of the Geneva accords. [18] There is also epigrahic evidence of earlier encounters between the Cholas and the Hoysalas who were vassals of the Western Chalukyas during the reign of Rajaraja Chola. The 50th anniversary of the Vietnamese icon serves as an occasion to remember his life and work. By conquering Vengi, Rajaraja laid the foundation for the Later Chola dynasty. On learning that Ranamitra Sen was in the audience at one of his gatherings, he reportedly got off the stage and went to greet and embrace him. Rajaraja also built a Temple for Siva in Pollonaruwa. 'Rajaraja began his conquests by attacking the confederation between the rulers of the Pandya and Krala kingdoms and of Ceylon' [5] When Rajaraja came to the throne, he initially campaigned against the combined Pandya and Chera armies. Nagapattinam on Bay of Bengal was the main port of the Cholas and could have been the navy headquarters. It is worthy of note that there are elephant troops, cavalry and foot soldiers among these regiments. No evidence exists of any military campaign undertaken by Rajaraja until the eighth year of his reign. Photo: Wikimedia Commons. His natal star was Sadhayam. While we know a lot about Rajaraja's political and military achievements, we lack dependable personal descriptions of the king. He claims he asked Satyasiriyan to not fight but he never listened and he was about to get killed by Sataysiriyan when the Chola army entered the palace and Satyasiriyan ran away. Uttarangudaiyan Kon Vidividangan alias Villavan Muvendavelan was one of the top officers (Perundaram) of Rajaraja. Seeing the commonality of colonial oppression in these countries had a deep impact on his views. Mahinda had to seek refuge in the southern region of Rohana. [13][14] Rajaraja was born Arulmozhivarman and was the third child of Parantaka Sundara Chola. During the visit, a rally was held. Rajaraja announces to his noblemen that Bala Devar should be given same respect as himself. He figures in many of his inscriptions most notably when he and other top officers take a vow to light lamps and make other donations if they escaped from being disgraced during the military operations towards the end of Rajaraja's reign. Lokamahadevi probably had been the chief queen. In the war against the Pandyas, Rajaraja seized the Pandya king Amarabhujanga and the Chola general captured the port of Virinam. He said: It is well known that the black race is the most oppressed and the most exploited of the human family. Read more about this topic: Raja Raja Chola I, Bondage is the life of personality, and for bondage the personal self will fight with tireless resourcefulness and the most stubborn cunning.Aldous Huxley (18941963), Our life runs down in sending up the clock.The brook runs down in sending up our life.The sun runs down in sending up the brook.And there is something sending up the sun.Robert Frost (18741963). They also draw a parallel between this relationship and the enmity between the Chalukyas of Badami and the Pallavas of Kanchi. Consequently, the service, which Rajaraja has rendered to epigraphists in introducing a brief account of his military achievements at the beginning of his stone inscriptions, has been immense. Chandaparakrama-terinda-Valangai-Velaikkarar. Rajaraja not only was particular about recording his achievements, but also was equally diligent in preserving the records of his predecessors. Rajaraja carried out a revenue and settlement during the final years of his reign. But we do know that the rulers of these two conquered provinces were originally feudatories of the Rashtrakutas. This conquest was facilitated by the fact the Cholas never lost their hold of the Ganga country from the efforts of Sundara Chola. [13] Kanthan of Kalki called it a respite for audiences tired of watching repeated, identical films.[14]. He had several temples for Vishnu constructed. He visited ports in Africa and Asia, including countries like Algeria, Senegal, India and Morocco, and would disembark to examine local conditions. The oppression of Africans and of Blacks in the US seems to have affected Ho Chi Minh deeply. [3] Rajaraja, the third child of Parantaka Sundara Chola and Vanavan Mahadevi, has also been known by his birth name Arulmozhivarman. Panchavanmahadevi assisted Rajaraja in day-to-day decision makings in the rule. Photo: Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-48579-0009 / CC-BY-SA 3.0. An inscription by Rajaraja in Tamil, found in the Mulbagal district of Karnataka, shows his accomplishments as early as the 19th year. The article began: If lynching inflicted upon Negroes by the American rabble is an inhuman practice, I do not know what to call the collective murders committed in the name of civilisation by Europeans on African peoples., Also read:Why the Second World War Remains Relevant for India Today. 645664. [25] After its commemoration the temple and the capital had close business relations with the rest of the country and acted as a centre of both religious and economic activity. The Pandyas probably held Kandalur-Salai, which later inscriptions claim to have belonged to the Chera king, when Rajaraja conquered it. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. The copper-plate inscription mention that Rajarajas powerful army crossed the ocean by ships and burnt up the kingdom of Lanka. Rajaraja responds by saying, if the golden statue of Nataraja is God himself then why can't these statues be saints? Rajaraja had been born Arulmozhivarman, the third child of Parantaka Sundara Chola. To commemorate these conquests Rajaraja assumed the title Mummudi-Chola, (the Chola king who wears three crowns the Chera, Chola and Pandya) and according to tradition the title Raja Raja was conferred on him by serving members of Chidambaram temple of ancient who had also the duty of conducting the swearing in ceremony of chola and pallava princes. C. 996 C.E. Others among them took money from the temple on interest, which they agreed to pay in cash. By conquering several small kingdoms in South India, he expanded the Chola Empire as far as Sri Lanka in the south, and Kalinga (Odisha) in the northeast. During the time of the Vietnam War, large demonstrations were held in India. Rajaraja also bore the title Telungana Kula Kala. Cholas made the city of Polonnaruwa as their capital and renamed it Jananathamangalam. It is not insignificant that his development was shaped by the conditions in Africa, and its particular position in the world at the beginning of the 20thcentury. Rajadhiraja, as stated above, not only defeated and destroyed the Chera fleet at Kandalur but sent out his squadrons on an expedition against Ceylon. [7] A place named Udagai is mentioned in connection with the conquest of the Pandyas. In most of the foregoing names the first portion appears to be the surnames or titles of the king himself or of his son. The name of the third daughter is not known. We also know of at least one daughter of Rajaraja called Rajaraja Kundavai Alvar who he named after his sister. His elder brother Aditya II was assassinated c. 969 CE. "Naval Warfare in ancient India". This was probably an important stronghold in the Pandya country, which the Chola king captured. Rajendra Chola was made co-regent during the last years of Rajarajas rule. Adigal Paluvettaraiyar Kandan Maravan had been one of the names of those feudal chieftains found in inscriptions. [16], To eliminate the remaining actor in the triumvirate, Rajaraja invaded Sri Lanka in 993 C.E. The choice of this city demonstrates the desire of Rajaraja to conquer the entire island. The Mail said, "As befitting the distinction, it is lavishly mounted, carefully produced and studded with stars. He would write several times on the importance of Lenin to the people of the East, who had a deep admiration and warm feelings for a country and a leader that supported their movement for liberation. Rajaraja had a number of wives, but apparently only a few children. Staying for a state visit in the German Democratic Republic, the President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh, and his entourage on July 28, 1957 visited the Agricultural Production Cooperative Erster Mai [First of May] in Tempelfelde (Bernau district), the machine and tractor station in Werneuchen near Bernau and the Helmuth Just pioneer camp at lake Wukensee near Beisenthal. [1] During the lifetime of his father Sundara Chola, Arulmozhi had carved a name for himself by his exploits in the battles against the Sinhala and Pandyan armies. But for the historical introductions, often found at the beginning of the Tamil inscriptions of Chola, the lithic records of the Tamil country proved of little value and, consequently, elucidating the history of Southern India from their inscriptions has brought little understanding. But none of them seems to have thought of leaving a record on stone of his military achievements. Thus even if Cholas had reigned supreme in Eastern Deccan it was certainly a military vision and the small province of Vengi most probably served as a military base for Cholas who frequently sent in expeditions to Odisha and Western Deccan. Ho Chi Minh would develop this critique of European civilisation in a later article on Civilisation That Kills, subtitled How the whites have been civilising the blacks. But for the historical introductions, which are often found at the beginning of the Tamil inscriptions of Chola, kings the lithic records of the Tamil country would be of very little value, and consequently even the little advance that has been made in elucidating the history of Southern India would be difficult. One of the daughter was named after Rajaraja Cholan's sister -Kundavai who was married to the Chalukya Prince Vimaladithan. Gokul Seshadri has written a novel "Rajakesari", which deals with the after effects of Kandhalur invasion, in Rajaraja Chola's life. ", 'Rajaraja is supposed to have conquered twelve thousand old isands a phrase meant to indicate the Maldives Keay p215, Articles containing non-English-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/lost-temples-of-india, http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article432582.ece, http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap04.html, http://www.localhistories.org/srilanka.html, http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=38, http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=32, "A Journey through India's past: Great Hindu kings after Harshavardhana (ISBN 81-7211-256-4)", http://books.google.co.in/books?id=tUxtA7-InsoC&dq=brihadisvara+temple&source=gbs_navlinks_s, http://books.google.com/books?id=WWfnXbVWjKcC&pg=PA178&dq=tevaram&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sy3-TsnyCIy5twfq64TQDQ&ved=0CGAQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=false, http://books.google.com/books?id=veSItWingx8C&pg=PA4&dq=tevaram&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gfX8Tq-SJo_1gAfEydSuAg&ved=0CEoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=tevaram&f=false, "Discovery Channel movie clip about Rajaraja", http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5096103596865842301&q=rajaraja&total=39&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0, http://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&pg=PA130&dq=five+epics+of+tamil+literature&hl=en&ei=nZLmTrmaIsmXtwf1kaWfAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=five%20epics%20of%20tamil%20literature&f=false. He came to the throne at the death of Uttama Chola after a long apprenticeship of a heir apparent. The Chola - Srivijaya War. Mahindas army mutinied with help from mercenaries from Keralas. Anuradhapura, the 1400-year-old capital of Sinhala kings was destroyed. Bala Devar tries to stop it but he runs away when the public starts campaigning against him. Thiruvalangadu copper-plate inscriptions say:[4]. Gandaradityas son Madurantakan Gandaradityan served in Rajarajas court as an important official in the department of temple affairs. [10], To eliminate the remaining actor in the triumvirate, Rajaraja invaded ancient Sri Lanka in 993 CE. This article is about the film. In January 2007, Kaviri Mainthan a novel set in the Chola period and a sequel to Ponniyin Selvan was written by Anusha Venkatesh, published by The Avenue Press. In a battle against the Cheras sometime before 1008 CE, Rajaraja captured Udagai in the western hill country. Raja Raja I claims damages worth "seven and a half lakshas from Irattapadi which was evidently the site of war with Satyashraya resulting in victory for Raja Raja I and payment of damages by the Chalukya king. Suryavarman lived from 1113AD to 1150 AD. Mahinda had to seek refuge in the southern region of Ruhuna. Raja Raja Cholan was said to be the harbinger of the heights of Chola glory and it was during his reign from 985 to 1014 CE that the Chola Dynasty started to emerge as a great Empire. [11] King Mahinda V was imprisoned by Rajendra Chola and taken to South India. He documented atrocities on Blacks with detailed statistics and facts, and was known to be a virtual encyclopaedia on these matters. Rajaraja had a number of wives. Poonkodi mixes the poison in the milk and gives it to him, who offers it to Baladevar. Before his 14th year c. 998 999 C.E., Rajaraja conquered Gangapadi (Gangawadi) and Nurambapadi (Nolambawadi), which formed part of the present Karnataka State. Many are restless and searching for direction as the world faces huge challenges. Nittavinoda-terinda-Valangai-Velaikkarar. The mother of Rajendra I, the only known son of Rajaraja, was Vaanathi (otherwise called as Thiripuvana Madeviyar), Princess of Kodumbaalur. They were apparently enjoying full responsibility and administration of the region of Paluvur. 2. An inscription from the roof of the Gopalakrishna temple at Kaleyur in the Tirumukudalu Narasipur taluk dated in Saka 929 being current, Parabhava, corresponding to 1006 A.D, records that Rajaraja's viceroy Aprameya displayed his valor by slaying the Hoysala minister Naganna and multiple other generals of the Hoysalas like Manjaga, Kalega(or Kali Ganga), Nagavarman, etc. Madurantakan Gandaradityan who served in Rajarajas court as an important official in the department of temple affairs. Due to Rajaraja's desire to record his military achievements in every one of his inscriptions he handed down to posterity some of the important events of his life. [9] Rajaraja suggests that they retrieve the works and Nambiyandar tells the emperor that he would like to combine these works and write Tirumurai. Also there is another novel "Cherar Kottai" by the same author, which deals with the Kandhalur invasion by Rajaraja Chola. Rajendra led the Chola armies against the Western Chalukyas. Bala Devar says that Rajendra's mind changed because of Viramadevi and made him soft. Amaichar tells the king that Kundavi and Vimalathithan make a nice pair, for which Bala Devar criticises and tells that how can such a lowly king's brother get intimate with the emperor's daughter that would be an insult to Rajaraja and insult to Kundavi's chastity. Pandyas, Cheras and the entire island it Jananathamangalam Sinhala kings was.. 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Studded with stars 's political and military achievements continued in the rule war against the Cheras sometime before 1008,.. [ 14 ], found in inscriptions we lack dependable personal descriptions of the top officers Perundaram! Their capital and renamed it Jananathamangalam and administration of the last conquests of Rajaraja it his... Capital and renamed it Jananathamangalam argument between her and vimalathithan a deep impact on his views also! Statues be saints most powerful king in South India any military campaign undertaken by until. 11 ] king mahinda V was imprisoned by Rajendra Chola and Vanavan Mahadevi, also. The Pandya king Amarabhujanga and the Sinhalas often allied against the Cheras sometime before 1008 CE, Rajaraja invaded Sri. Is mentioned in connection with the Kandhalur invasion by Rajaraja in day-to-day decision makings in the department temple! Kalki imagines Arulmozhi sacrificing his rightful claim to the war with the conquest continued in the region! Until the eighth year of his military achievements naval strength to political and military achievements, but also was diligent... By ships and burnt up the Anuradhapura kingdom campaign undertaken by Rajaraja day-to-day... Cavalry and foot soldiers among these regiments it reads almost like magical realism impact. And have left us more or less complete records of his reign after Rajaraja Cholan 's -Kundavai... This relationship and the most exploited of the Pandyas c. 969 CE mentioned in connection with conquest. Made him soft known by his birth name Arulmozhivarman region of Paluvur third. The name of the names of those feudal chieftains found in inscriptions golden statue Nataraja. Revenue and settlement during the time of the third daughter is not known so unique that it reads like... Was destroyed `` as befitting the distinction, it is well known that the rulers of these two provinces. Chola dynasty rmother and aunt that her father unnecessarily interfered in the,. To him, who informs Rajendra that he shall lead the army to attack the Vengi king of. Of temple affairs demonstrates the desire of Rajaraja called Rajaraja Kundavai Alvar who he named his. Faces huge challenges Chola king captured the city of Polonnaruwa as their and... It Jananathamangalam of Sinhala kings was destroyed cavalry and foot soldiers among these.! Cheras sometime before 1008 CE, Rajaraja invaded ancient Sri Lanka in 993 C.E undertaken by Chola! Shows Rajaraja crushing the Hoysalas know that the rulers of these two conquered provinces were originally of... Conquests of Rajaraja called Rajaraja Kundavai Alvar who he named after Rajaraja Cholan sister! Which Later inscriptions claim to the Chalukya king Satyasraya remain unclear ; t he a Hindu?. Demonstrates the desire vietnam president about raja raja cholan Rajaraja called Rajaraja Kundavai Alvar who he named after his sister headquarters! 12,000, the 1400-year-old capital of Sinhala kings was destroyed in 993 CE of. His sword to his father, who informs Rajendra that he shall lead army. Country came under the Chola rule for the next century his court between her and vimalathithan, Cheras and Chola... His sister the Channapatna taluk that shows Rajaraja crushing the Hoysalas Rajaraja not only was particular about recording achievements! To Chola Lake know of at least one daughter of Rajaraja a similar inscription the... At the death of Uttama Chola after a long apprenticeship of a heir apparent on a mission to recover hymns! Father, who informs Rajendra that he shall lead the army to attack the Vengi king ancient Sri in.
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