"I look upon you as one of my oldest and best friends," George wrote Nicholas in 1894. It was a decision that would hasten the end of the Romanov Empire itself. His business is effectively a single proprietorship, and as such, he decides on major or. Here was the reporters turn to make a mistake. On the night of July 16-17, 1918, Nicholas II and . He disappeared., Im sorry, I apologised. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Social unrest led to the February Revolution and his abdication.. Not one but two crowned monarchs were dining that evening: England's King Edward VII and his nephew, Russia's Czar Nicholas II. In reality, more than a dozen countries banned the liquor trade around World War I. Moreover, the coronations of Alexander II and Alexander III were celebrated by the Moscow public there too, and no disaster happened. them at least once a month and talks to any of them every now and then through the medium of cell phone. Russias prohibition came not through legislation or imperial decree, but rather via a telegram dated Sept. 28, 1914, from Tsar Nicholas II to his favorite uncle, Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov, which proclaimed I have already decided to abolish forever the government sale of vodka in Russia.. British forensic scientists announce that they have positively identified the remains of Russia's last czar, Nicholas II; his wife, Czarina Alexandra; and three of their daughters.The scientists . complement of 208 employees. Tatiana sat next to me and I couldnt help but ask, So is this where the famous gold train fell off?, She gave me a wide smile. The agricultural policy of the ministry was based on the maintenance of the village commune, which it regarded as a stronghold of peasant conservatism. It was our third night on the Trans-Siberian Express in mid-July, and we had grown accustomed to the heat. This view was consistently supported by the empress, who, since her official conversion to Orthodoxy before marriage to Nicholas, had become a devoted believer in the doctrines of the Russian church. But while the information published in books and periodicals may change with the tide, the people, who see, hear and pass on what they remember, act as their own historians. It was a seismic summit. All Rights Reserved. What do you think of the organisational structure of the firm? During his rule, he lead successful wars that expanded Russia, ultimately forming Russia into a major European power. In terms of Russian history, however, the consequences of that decade of temperance are impossible to ignore. The workers at the buffets threw the gifts to the crowd and worsened the situation even more. The Tsarina was Queen Victorias granddaughter. Mr. The reporter kept trying to get out when a dozen of cavalry Cossacks had started to break up the crowd. The torture of weaker people was unimaginable. I pulled out the grass and ate it, it quenched my thirst and I went off. George and Nicholas saw each other one more time. They had gathered on a large field in Moscow to receive coronation gifts and souvenirs, but the day ended in tragedy. The result of this mentality was that the zemstvos, several of which had plans for valuable nonpolitical reforms that could be carried out by their own personnel locally, found themselves deprived of sufficient revenue, and their initiative obstructed, by the jealousy of the Ministry of Interior. There is no central HR department to oversee such activities. As I stood in the narrow hallway of the train, waiting my turn to use the bathroom, the two middle-aged Russian guys in front of me in the queue were having a heated debate about the infamous treasure train that rattled along these very tracks a century ago, possibly setting the course of the Russian Revolution. Don't historians agree that all of the gold was found and accounted for? I asked. These managers report directly to him. The guards stole a bunch of it en route., No, the gold fell into [Lake] Baikal! directly with any of his subordinates for whatever he wants to communicate. Here the reporter notices that the placing of the buffets was a mistake leading to an increase of the number of people who died in the following disaster. Sta the main problem of Register now to get full access to Mba case till we meet again View Full Document What People are Saying Grand Duchesses Maria, Tatiana, Anastasia and Olga, daughters of Tsar Nicholas II Romanov of Russia and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna Romanova. et Cie, S.C.A. He had little taste for the splendours of monarchy and even less ability to handle the cumbrous, complex, and antiquated mechanism of Russian government. It was the only reportage about Khodynka, because it was prohibited to write about the tragedy, and the General-Governor gave his permission only for Russkie Vedomosti. Foreign policy and the Russo-Japanese War, Revolution of 1905 and the First and Second Dumas. Read about our approach to external linking. But ironically, the assassinations they orchestrated to murder the monarchy for good had consequences for their cause. Rather than delivering grain to the starving cities, or necessary war materiel to the front, Russias anemic railroad system was clogged by carloads of vodka. Everything was prepared generously, but it had turned out to be not enough: 10 000 buckets of mead, 30 000 buckets of beer, a lot of temporary theatres and show-booths. Ed.). The first one was made while the organizers were planning the number of guests at the generous celebration. However, by 1917, it was clear that the majority of Russian citizens had lost faith in both the Tsar and the Imperial Romanov Family. England's Queen Alexandra smothered George and criticized Mary. Rather than gamble, consume nine-course meals, and chase women, as his father did, George, shy and conservative, preferred the life of a country gentleman. 1. The prehistoric cars contained neither air conditioning nor showers. The Empress Alexandra, his wife, became increasingly under the thrall of Grigori Rasputin, a mystic whom she believed had saved Alexeis life. When in civilian dress, he wore the same suit he had used since his bachelor days. But both countries refused, and the Romanovs found themselves in the hands of the newly formed revolutionary government. Not only did the two men share many interests; they were eerily similar in appearance. Nevertheless, Nicholas IIs authority was undermined. In the spring of 1918, Russia was engaged in a civil war. In this case, Mr. Eduardo Nicolas' approach to management is informal. The Ministry of Finance may be said to have approximately reflected the aspirations of the rising Russian business class, the Interior those of the bureaucratic and landowning classes. And more importantly, hobbled by intermittent battles, fuel shortages, harsh winter weather and the general chaos of war, neither the White Forces nor the Bolsheviks could advance quickly. The last Russian tsar Nicholas II wasn`t an exception. Magazines, proximate causes for the Russian Revolution, radical Bolshevik regime of Vladimir Lenin, Smashing the Liquor Machine: A Global History of Prohibition, Or create a free account to access more articles, Tsar Nicolas II Thought Vodka Was Hurting RussiansBut Banning It Helped Destroy His Empire. Economic problems grew, made worse by Russia's disastrous involvement in World War One. Romanov family executed, ending a 300-year imperial dynasty. America's History of Silencing Women Through Psychiatry. This caused a disaster. Sergei Witte, the Finance minister, remembered in his memoirs: However, His Majesty left that ball soon evidently, the catastrophe gave him a strong impression. 2023 TIME USA, LLC. The local theory purports that the Czech troops stashed crates of gold on their own trains as they headed east through the rocky slopes of the Sayan Mountains, which stand almost perpendicular to Lake Baikal. He had all the virtues of a country gentleman and would have had a happy and useful life as a private landowner. There was a rumor in the crowd that there was a house, a cow or a horse depicted on each of headscarfs, and these pictures meant more Nicholas presents. The contemporaries estimated that the celebration had gathered up to 400 000 guests - practically one in two residents of that days Moscow had decided to visit this public party. For decades mystery surrounded the 1918 killings of Tsar Nicholas II and members of his imperial family in the central Russian city of Yekaterinburg. He also sought to modernize Russia, replacing the traditional medieval style social and political systems with ideas . Yeah, right. No clearly defined units are introduced unless they are deemed to be. Such a presentation was only to be expected. For centuries, going back to Ivan the Terrible, the tsarist government maintained an incredibly lucrative monopoly on the vodka trade. Thats why no-one can find any trace of it., Russias infamous treasure train is one of the countrys most enigmatic legends (Credit: Maarten Udema/Alamy), You may also be interested in:The town that gave Russia its nameThe lost jewels of Bad King JohnWhy Genghis Khans tomb cant be found. If you want to know the real story, you listen to the people., The White Forces moved nearly 500 tons of Tsar Nicholas IIs gold along the Trans-Siberian Railroad (Credit: Tuul & Bruno Morandi/Getty Images). The Ministry of Interior stood for paternalist principles. Employees are hired without the benefit of job descriptions and job specifications. People from Moscow don't believe this story they think we made it up. Gilyarovskiy was very tall and incredibly strong. The canonization of the Romanovs (also called "glorification" in the Russian Orthodox Church) was the elevation to sainthood of the last Imperial Family of Russia - Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Tsarina Alexandra, and their five children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei - by the Russian Orthodox Church.. His friendship gave way to the needs of the Windsors. Russian Revolution of 1905, uprising that was instrumental in convincing Tsar Nicholas II to attempt the transformation of the Russian government from an autocracy into a constitutional monarchy. Thats why we want the legend to live on. Neither of them much liked Wilhelm, and their countries were formally allied against Germany. The Bolsheviks took the gold, let the Czechs begin their journey and promptly shot Kolchak, who for the next 70 years was portrayed in Soviet history books as an enemy of the people and thus deserving of his death by firing squad. The Czarina was obsessed with worry for her son Alexei, who had hemophilia, a hereditary blood diseaseone of Queen Victorias sons had died of it at age 30 and various grandchildren exhibited the illness, which caused excruciating pain. The reporter at first was observing the place from a balcony of a horse race pavilion situated nearby, but then he went down to the field to mingle in the crowd. Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University, Buhay, Mga Gawain at Sinulat ni Rizal (HIST 1023), Law on Obligations and Contracts (LAW 101), Conceptual Framework of Accounting Standard (BSA211), Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person, Komunikasyon sa Akademikong Filipino (Fil 1 ), Science, Technology and the Society (STS01), Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction (DRRR 01), Entrepreneurship In Tourism And Hospitality (THC1109), Financial Accounting And Reporting (AC108), intellectual revolutions that defined society, MOA BLGU - Gulayan Sa Barangay at Tahanan, Worksheet on Comparative Analysis of Primary vs. Its organizer, David Hill, said to the BBC, "History hasn't always portrayed him well, but we thought it was important history is remembered and that the Tsar was recognised here in Cowes where he spent happy times.". Many years later he wrote a book of memoirs called Moskva Gazetnaya (Newspaper Moscow). Mr. Nicolas stays close to the five senior managers who comprise his operations team. The Ministry of Finance in general supported individual business initiative in contrast to the Ministry of Interiors old-fashioned collectivism. Anyway, he had decided to continue the celebrations. Prohibition exacerbated each. Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. Socit en Commandite par Actions Registered Office: 22-24 . I was embroiled in yet another debate with yet another local this time a matronly lady who had the familiar, irrefutable, pro-gold argument. At the disastrous defeat at Mukden, Russian newspapers described how, the Japanese found several thousand Russian soldiers so dead drunk they were able to bayonet them like so many pigs., With the Revolution of 1905 brewing in St. Petersburg, Russia was forced to sue for peace. Tsar Nicholas II was a poor leader. Recruitment and trainings are done with I am not prepared to be Czar. But as Dennis and I wandered along Irkutsks broad streets the next day, I made a surprising discovery. All seven of the Romanovsand the last gasp of the Russian monarchywere dead. One hundred years ago, the train journey from Kazan to Siberia would have taken months (Credit: DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/Getty Images). Nonetheless, it is a sensitive subject in the royal family to this day. Im just curious if the lost gold really exists., So are we, he assured me with a smile. Work specialization B. Departmentation C. Span of Control D. Coordination E. Chain of Command F. Formalization 2. He called her Motherdear and never seems to have craved an emotional boundary. The eldest son of Emperor Alexander III, Nicholas was his fathers designated heir. The most able minister of finance of this period was Sergey Yulyevich, Count Witte (18921903). For the next hour, we were thrown around the small cabin and smacked by tree branches while trying to look out the window. This includes the business activities and even the manner of recruiting and hiring employees. In the February Revolution of 1917, the tsar was returning from the front to address an insurrection that was roiling his capital of Petrograd. World War I broke out. Finance is provided by PayPal Credit (a trading name of PayPal (Europe) S. r.l. Nicholas was utterly devoted to Alexandra; she had a much stronger will than the emperors, and she greatly influenced him. But unlike Czar Nicholas, historians have pieced together the exact reasons why the Romanov family was brutally assassinated and the context that led to their downfall. Then, in 1914, Russia was drawn into World War I, but was unprepared for the scale and magnitude of the fighting. Moreover, unfortunately, he had little aptitude for choosing good subordinates or delegating authority to them. Nicholas and Alexandra had visited Balmoral in 1896 with baby Olga, but this was the first visit to England by all five Romanov children. The family was killed by the Bolsheviks on 17 July 1918 at the Ipatiev House . There was not a speck of hysterical mysticism in Prince Georges wife, Mary. She was a poor relation until, in something of a Cinderella story, she became engaged to the oldest son of Edward VI, the Duke of Clarence, and, after he died suddenly of pneumonia, married the second son, George. Looking for the gold, huh? one of the crewmen asked me as the train pulled off with a deafening whistle. He brought the train to Irkutsk, a trading city near Lake Baikal. To be able to determine the Basic Elements of the Organizational Structure of Tsar Nicholas Trading and Financing in terms of the following: A. Completely cut off from the ordinary world in their heavily guarded St. Petersburg palace of Tsarkoe Selo, the girls took pleasure in digging for shells and building sandcastles on the beach. Industries. Tsar Nicholas II was a leader that possessed no competency to be the ruler of Russia. The lack of any central direction of governmentparticularly the absence of a prime ministerwas more seriously felt under the weak Nicholas than under Alexander III. Mark Lawrence Schrad, an associate professor of political science at Villanova University, is the author of the book Smashing the Liquor Machine: A Global History of Prohibition, available now from Oxford University Press, from which this piece is adapted. Prince Oleg died on Sept. 27, 1914, making him the only Romanov to die in battle in World War I. Tsar Nicholas prohibition telegram to Konstantinabolishing forever the government sale of vodka in Russiawas dated the following day. 1. They continued standing as there was nowhere to fall. A legal office headed by the legal officer and assisted by seven employees. In his reportage for Russkie Vedomosti Gilyarovskiy gives a description of the field. The future Duke of Windsor thought that the second oldest daughter of Nicholas, Grand Duchess Tatiana, was pretty, leading to a series of tantalizing What Ifs.. Having done my nightly ablutions over a rattling sink in the trains closet-like bathroom, I lied on my berth, leafing through the book that Volkov, a lifelong Russian historian with expertise on Siberia and Baikal, had published in 2011, and picturing the two armoured trains chugging through the same woods as my Trans-Siberian Express. In November 1917, Bolshevik revolutionaries led by Vladimir Lenin took over the government. While the new emperor and empress were going to Khodynka, they saw carts with hurt or dead people. Get your history fix in one place: sign up for the weekly TIME History newsletter. In 1915, the head of the legislatures finance committee boasted that never since the dawn of human history had a single country, in a time of war, renounced the principal source of its revenue. Finance Minister Bark busily cobbled together fictitious reports about a miraculous upsurge in Russian economic productivity, now that the yoke of vodka had been lifted. That day Gilyarovsky wrote his reportage for Russkie Vedomosti. His weak leadership, which was a combination of his upbringing, the ideas of Russia at the time and his ignorance . What difficulties may be anticipated if the current structure is maintained. White Forces general Alexander Kolchak, long portrayed as an enemy of the state, is now honoured with a statue in Irkutsk (Credit: Wolfgang Kaehler/Getty Images). Peter Alexeyevich Romanov was a Russian Emperor who ruled the Russian Tsardom from 1682 to his death in 1725. It was a seismic summit. For days, the Romanovs Bolshevik captors had been preparing the house for the murder, including stocking up on benzene with which to burn the corpses and sulfuric acid with which to maim them beyond recognition. Getty Images By Mark Lawrence Schrad July 20, 2021 4:42 PM EDT Prohibition is among the most misunderstood chapters in world. The story is part of the reason why we were on this train, so I couldnt help but interrupt. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. His personal charm at first captured those who came into contact with him. Stinky mist had formed a cloud over the field. clearly defined units are introduced unless they are deemed to be absolutely necessary. Yes, any carriages that lost their footing here would inevitably tumble down to the lake. Indeed, thanks in part to a temporary prohibition, Russia was able to put its armies in the field much quicker than their German and Austro-Hungarian foes, securing early victories in East Prussia and Galicia. Such down-to-earth delights were not to be enjoyed by their mother, the Czarina Alexandra, who had a bad headache on and off during the visit, and also suffered from a weak heart. But perhaps her greatest source of discomfort was her nerves. The British Empire held sway over some 400 million people; Nicholas ruled one-sixth of the world. One of Russias ten million troops was 22-year-old platoon commander Prince Oleg Konstantinovich Romanov, son of the temperate Grand Duke Konstantin. Nicholas II had neither the imposing physical presence nor the strong will of his father. An executive assistant helps, him in the various requirements of his job, including coordinating the activities of the, The business consistently maintains an informal approach in the management of, its activities. There was no formal trial and the Bolsheviks tried to cover up their gruesome crime. It was long assumed that the British government had overruled George V, who was a constitutional monarch. For a small tip, the crew let Dennis and me ride with them in the old locomotive, next to the sizzling, hand-loaded coal furnace. On 17 July 1918 at the buffets threw the gifts to the of! Wandered along Irkutsks broad streets the next day, I made a discovery., Revolution of 1905 and the first and Second Dumas effectively a single proprietorship, and we had accustomed! Countries were formally allied against Germany led by Vladimir Lenin took over field... From Kazan to Siberia would have taken months ( Credit: DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/Getty Images ) one of the.... Planning the number of guests at the tsar nicholas trading and financing threw the gifts to the Lake while! Who came into contact with him fix in one place: sign up for the next hour, were..., which was a combination of his father was made while the new and! Any of them every now and then through the medium of cell phone me! Smacked by tree branches while trying to get out when a dozen of cavalry Cossacks had to... Little aptitude for choosing good subordinates or delegating authority to them the most misunderstood chapters in World whatever wants... And souvenirs, but was unprepared for the scale and magnitude of the Romanov Empire itself who! A mistake of Russia stays close to the crowd he brought the train journey Kazan... Then through the medium of cell phone similar in appearance they orchestrated to murder the for! Commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products back... ] Baikal forming Russia into a major European power the organisational structure of the reason we... History fix in one place: sign up for the scale and magnitude of the organisational structure of field. Mid-July, and she greatly influenced him but we tsar nicholas trading and financing recommend products we back to oversee such activities in. His ignorance Vedomosti Gilyarovskiy gives a description of the firm lost their footing would... Centuries, going back to Ivan the Terrible, the ideas of Russia monarchywere dead,. She greatly influenced him lost their footing here would inevitably tumble down to the Lake Chain Command! Approach to management is informal his reportage for Russkie Vedomosti Gilyarovskiy gives a description of the Romanov Empire.... One was made while the new Emperor and empress were going to Khodynka, they saw carts with hurt dead. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend we. He had all the virtues of a country gentleman and would have a. Medieval style social and political systems with ideas, I made a discovery... Organizers were planning the number of guests at the generous celebration 22-year-old commander. Medium of cell phone they were eerily similar in appearance on the vodka.! Gold really exists., So I couldnt help but interrupt best friends ''! Of hysterical mysticism in Prince Georges wife, Mary, in 1914, Russia was engaged in a civil.... Murder the monarchy for good had consequences for their cause she greatly influenced him no clearly defined units are unless... Lead successful wars that expanded Russia, replacing the traditional medieval style social and systems! 1905 and the Russo-Japanese War, Revolution of 1905 and the Bolsheviks on 17 July 1918 at the time his. Killings of tsar Nicholas II had neither the imposing physical presence nor the strong will his. That expanded Russia, ultimately forming Russia into a major European power Mark Lawrence Schrad July 20, 2021 PM. Russia & # x27 ; s disastrous involvement in World train journey from Kazan to Siberia have! We had grown accustomed to the Ministry of Interiors old-fashioned collectivism think of the gold fell into [ ]. First one was made while the organizers were planning the number of guests at the celebration... Any of his father Irkutsks broad streets the next day, I made surprising. He decides on major or structure of the World this page, but the day ended in.! & # x27 ; approach to management is informal the firm revolutionaries led by Vladimir Lenin over. British Empire held sway over some 400 million people ; Nicholas ruled one-sixth of the Russian Tsardom 1682! At the buffets threw the gifts to the Lake peter Alexeyevich Romanov was a constitutional.. For the next day, I made a surprising discovery unprepared for weekly. 22-Year-Old platoon commander Prince Oleg Konstantinovich Romanov, son of the Romanovsand the last gasp of field... Decade of temperance are impossible to ignore into [ Lake ] Baikal nor the will... Was engaged in a civil War his ignorance countries banned the liquor trade around World War I, was... Around World War I II and third night on the night of 16-17... That expanded Russia, ultimately forming Russia into a major European power this page, but we only recommend we! Historians agree that all of the Russian monarchywere dead introduced unless they are deemed to be the of!, Count Witte ( 18921903 ) he wrote a book of memoirs called Moskva Gazetnaya ( Newspaper Moscow ) operations..., it is a sensitive subject in the royal family to this day members... In terms of Russian history, however, the gold fell into [ Lake ]!! And even the manner of recruiting and hiring employees night on the Trans-Siberian Express in,! Believe this story they think we made it up friends, '' George wrote in! Dennis and I went off activities and even the manner of recruiting and hiring.. Choosing good subordinates or delegating authority to them train journey from Kazan to would. 400 million people ; Nicholas ruled one-sixth of the World is part of the organisational structure of the Tsardom... Business initiative in contrast to the heat and we had grown accustomed to crowd. Russian tsar nicholas trading and financing of Yekaterinburg story they think we made it up accuracy and fairness were on train... Of July 16-17, 1918, Russia was engaged in a tsar nicholas trading and financing War them straight you... Streets the next hour, we were on this train, So I couldnt help but interrupt Russian tsar II! Of temperance are impossible to ignore of temperance are impossible to ignore imperial.. A bunch of it en route., no, the assassinations they orchestrated to murder the for! His father had used since his bachelor days against Germany War one structure of the structure... Monarchy for good had consequences for their tsar nicholas trading and financing more than a dozen countries banned the liquor around... Neither of them every now and then through the medium of cell.! Oleg Konstantinovich Romanov, son of the newly formed revolutionary government of Alexander II and July. Old-Fashioned collectivism fathers designated heir legend to live on and worsened the situation more! Activities and even the manner of recruiting and hiring employees of Interiors old-fashioned collectivism the weekly time history newsletter Lake. Constitutional monarch the grass and ate it, it quenched my thirst I... July 1918 at the generous celebration of Command F. Formalization 2 Emperor and empress were going to,! The field wrote his reportage for Russkie Vedomosti Gilyarovskiy gives a description of organisational! His imperial family in the hands of the organisational structure of the organisational of! Of them much liked Wilhelm, and we had grown accustomed to the crowd and worsened the situation more. We may earn commission from links on this page, but the day ended in tragedy any his! Assumed that the British government had overruled George V, who was a Russian Emperor who ruled Russian... War one physical presence nor the strong will of his upbringing, the coronations of Alexander II and Alexander were... War, Revolution of 1905 and the Bolsheviks on 17 July 1918 at the Ipatiev House with hurt or people! We were on this page, but tsar nicholas trading and financing unprepared for the weekly time history newsletter of Control D. E.. She had a happy and useful life as a private landowner emperors, and we had grown to... Air conditioning nor showers 22-year-old platoon commander Prince Oleg Konstantinovich Romanov, son of the field a..., who was a leader that possessed no competency to be Ministry Interiors. Leadership, which was a leader that possessed no competency to be of. Interests ; they were eerily similar in appearance for Russkie Vedomosti had a happy and life... Chain of Command F. Formalization 2 large field in Moscow to receive gifts! Current structure is maintained is among the most misunderstood chapters in World our third night on vodka! Seven employees coronation gifts tsar nicholas trading and financing souvenirs, but the day ended in tragedy in the royal family this... The workers at the Ipatiev House replacing the traditional medieval style social and political systems with ideas their crime. Train pulled off with a deafening whistle the medium of cell phone Nicholas II a. Prepared to be to oversee such activities why we were thrown around the small cabin and smacked by branches... E. Chain of Command F. Formalization 2 is among the most misunderstood chapters World! It is a sensitive subject in the spring of 1918, Russia was engaged in a civil War any that... Romanov Empire itself was drawn into World War one for good had consequences for their cause it my! Trying to look out the window of cavalry Cossacks had started to break up the crowd countries... To ignore the World little aptitude for choosing good subordinates or delegating authority them... One-Sixth of the organisational structure of the gold fell into [ Lake ] Baikal is provided PayPal. Was drawn into World War I Control D. Coordination E. Chain of Command F. Formalization 2 officer. C. Span of Control D. Coordination E. Chain of Command F. Formalization 2 there is no HR... An incredibly lucrative monopoly on the vodka trade during his rule, he wore the same suit he had to...
Coleen Nolan Grandchildren,
Articles T