Seer: It is garlic and represents medicine or health. Vegetables are central to the Iranian diet, with onions an ingredient of virtually every dish. I didnt sit on the bed and pray God save me, God, make me well, God, why dont you make me well?I was convinced I should take ten steps to answer one step in response, therefore I said to myself that I should rely on myself and only myself in this world. For payment of donors, the government sets the price for kidneys at $4,600 per organ. In this pattern, praying to and conversing with saints and imams are in focus; one interesting finding was that no one reported having turned to Clergies in this respect. In an interview with the Trauma and Mental Health Report (translated, Farsi to English), Hamed Rajabi, director of A Minor Leap Down, explains: This social system is only concerned with how people work and perform, and when that performance is lowered, their behavior is instantly condemned.. DEFINITION AND BACKGROUND. As the present findings show, the RCOPE methods appear to be of great importance to the Iranian interviewees. The whole life, since our birth, we are socialised to believe in saints. It seems that making decision for cesarean is done under the influence of cultural perceptions and beliefs. Mixing of males and females only really occurs within families or closely knit circles of friends. This religious governance directly affects the public, political, economic and legal aspects of people's lives. This being said, many families see the education and development of their daughters as equally important. Islamic clergy can be regarded as vicar, master or guardian. It is a Muslim man, or woman, educated in Islamic theology and sacred law. In so doing, the following steps were undertaken. Permission is granted subject to the terms of the License under which the work was published. Accordingly, the focus, as well in this article as in our international project, is not the theological or physiological aspects of coping, but the sociological ones, i.e., the role of cultural settings in the framework of which the informants are socialised in applying the coping methods. Eyes, although tremendously important in sexual and affectional relations, are also regarded an important body part because they can attract evil. They verified the process of coding and categorisation. The eye is a pragmatic element in both cultures. 6. Montazeri et al. Parents make sacrifices for children, especially for their education. The Middle East consists of . This changed as the Islamic Republic legally enforced the separation of genders and placed extreme restrictions on women. It is also a possible way to make ones bargaining with God more successful. It is a symbol of love. Results and Discussion on religious coping methods (RCOPE), https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1555699, https://journals.bmsu.ac.ir/jbs/index.php/jbs/article/view/593, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4<519::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-1, http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. Much of the population seeks a return to a more liberal society; older generations can often remember the time when public life was more easy-going and younger generations, exposed to alternative ideas through the internet and overseas education, yearn for a lifting of restrictions on individual behaviour. Stigma surrounding psychological disorders in Iran often leads to isolation, as fear of judgment and ridicule creates barriers to pursuing treatment. Western values had both negative and positive effects on the social, economic, political, and cultural lives of Nigerians. It is worth noting that all interviews were conducted and audio-recorded upon obtaining informed consent from the informants. Jul 2018. (PERSIAN CULTURE) Iranian culture is one of the oldest in the whole world and has influenced cultures like Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Russia, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Asia. Families tend to be small, only 1 or 2 children, but the extended family is quite close. Although recognition of mental-health problems in Iran has arguably increased over the past few years, considerable stigma still exists. If a father or brother knows of a girls boyfriend, they may pretend that they are oblivious to that knowledge. Nonna Khakpour, Contributing Writer, The Trauma and Mental Health Report. FAMILY VALUES Many Iranian immigrants in New Zealand are more westernized and secularized In first interactions with a stranger on the street, one may find that a taxi driver is, in fact, an expert on architecture, or a colleague can explain the complex history of countries theyve never visited. They are beliefs, ideas, and principles that are specific to your home and how it functions. The Fatima Masumeh Shrine in Qom, Iran is one of the holiest sites for Shia M The coding based on the themes found in the study used a template analysis style, a theory-driven analysis (Malterud, Citation2014), while categorisation of the themes was based on the results obtained in other studies in the project (Ahmadi, Citation2006, Citation2015; Ahmadi & Ahmadi, Citation2018; Ahmadi et al., Citation2017; Ahmadi, Ahmadi, Erbil, & Cetrez Citation2016). Their problems have resulted in an existential void, and this void requires that they elaborate the old order to form a new order that could help them fill the void. As it seems, believing that imams have outwardly powers, that visiting imams tombs ziyarat means nearing the source of the divine, and that through ziyarat they gain rewards savab has brought about the kind of psychological confidence and security that our informants needed while facing a serious life crisis. This being said, most families seek to encourage individuals to be independent. We found two patterns in our interviews. . Role of Culture in Healthcare Decision-Making. In our study, we observed interviewees who preferred to rely on themselves rather than God for Reason A, above. My destiny and life are in His hands and I accept whatever He decides for me. Passive Religious Deferral refers to passive waiting for God to control the situation. Significant class differences were exacerbated through periods of recent economic hardship and instability. Here we present the results on Religious Coping Methods. It is commonly accepted that health care providers must strive to deliver care in a "culturally competent" manner; that is, they must be aware of the importance of the values, beliefs, traditions, parenting styles, and other aspects of a person's culture when serving and interacting with a patient, and they must develop the competencies necessary to address these cultural differences in . Im not in charge, but only God. It is a country with a rich history and unique culture. However, many Iranians refer to this as the surface culture in which people act as their zaaher (visible) identity. her figure and her hair. In this regard, a 60-year-old woman explained: I feel extreme closeness to God. While some households may employ servants, others may struggle to put food on the table. The quotes used in this part, which were recorded in Persian, have been translated into English. Iranians regularly break the Islamic civil rules; however, this always carries a risk of arrest. Elderly parents are dependent on adult children and grandchildren. Some people believe ziyarat has undeniable positive effects on their wellbeing, mental health and behaviour. Naturally, in most societies religion is not the sole available resource in an individuals orienting system; there are other dimensions in life e.g., biological, psychological, social, and environmental to which a person can turn when faced with adversity. The study offers nurses empirical data to help shape conversations about end-of-life care, and thus to enhance their commitment to help people 'die well'. Despite the firmly entrenched reach of the Islamic Republic, Iranians generally discuss politics with vigour. A unified, searchable interface answering your questions on the world's cultures and religions. I knew that I would win if I only relied on myself. The study offers nurses empirical data to help shape conversations about end-of-life care, and thus to enhance their commitment to help people 'die well', and should include retrieval of individuals' cultural and religious beliefs and values, and preferences for care. It is worth noting that the expectations regarding what is honourable and shameful can vary significantly between different people, family backgrounds and social attitudes. In addition to family values and habits, some external factors can have a significant impact on people's cultural preferences. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Examples include post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and high blood pressure, and about half of the Somali refugees and asylum-seekers suffer from a combination of two or more of these conditions (Gerritsen et al., 2006). Relation of existential meaning-making domains. When an elder family members husband or wife dies, they will usually move into the house of one of their children. When Nahal is told shes had a miscarriage, instead of seeking support from her familywho have, in the past, refused to recognize her struggle with depressionshe keeps the news to herself, leading to desperation. These are sometimes called 'cultural value preferences'. Healthcare in Iran is based on three pillars: the public-governmental system, the private sector, and NGOs. In above citation, we see a passive approach to facing ones illness and totally relying on God. Culture is a tool that its members use to assure their survival and well-being, as well as provide meaning to life. This being the case, we can understand why our informants have used visiting pilgrims as a method of coping with their illness. The individual derives a social network and assistance in times of need from the family. Despite restrictions on their public involvement, many women in Iran are highly educated. The concept of savab is based on a rational calculation of means and aims an attempt to find the best solution to a serious problem. Many people use humour to criticise their leaders through doublespeak, and share their theories of scandal and corruption with strangers. Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the cultural factors that have an impact on military nursing care for Iraqi patients. Patients in Somalia commonly exhibit symptoms of chronic disorders in response to stress and turmoil. Get a downloadable, printable version that you can read later. This being said, many families see the education and development of their daughters as equally important. Designing effective health interventions for managing early marriage needs to apply the community-based approaches. Article. For more information (Freud & Breuer, Citation1895). Get a downloadable, printable version that you can read later. Iran is the 17th largest country in the world. This high rate of cesarean requires careful consideration. If this is true, then for people with limited alternatives, religion may play an even more important coping resource. I definitively believe that pilgrims or using holy water or sanctified objects have a positive effect on curing the disease. Moreover, they claimed that ziyarat makes the individual calm and less anxious, as if s/he had visited the lost loved ones. Awareness can translate to an enhanced understanding of the complexity of mental-health problems in a culture that holds rigid attitudes about mental health and illness. Healthcare in Iran has improved since the implementation of the Primary Health Care system, but there is still a divide between rural and . The country faces the common problem of other young . . Nonetheless, there are some mainstays of Iranian society, such as the importance of family, the proud adherence to local culture and traditions, and the tendencies toward post-modern ways of life and ways of thinking that influence the choice of coping strategies. However, it has received less attention from policymakers and health researchers in Iran. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were employed to identify the meaning-making coping methods used by cancer patients in Iran. We define spirituality a search for connectedness with a sacred source that is related or not related to God or any religious holy sources (Ahmadi, Citation2006, p. 7273). Values are deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture's beliefs. In relation to the premium placed on education, there is also a common openness to innovation. In Iran, people generally feel able to relax their moral codes of behaviour and reveal the private side of their life when surrounded by people from their inner circle. We use cookies to improve your website experience. Among Muslims, the idea of testing (Ekhtebar) is rather robust. In recent years, there has been reasonably little disagreement between ethnicities in Iran which is significant considering the diversity. Iranian culture is one of the oldest in the region, and it has influenced cultures like Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Russia, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Asia. The notion that illness is a test imposed on us by God is an old one. Outreach and education efforts by the health care community can help . Debase, Underground, people behave the way they truly believe, often relaxing their moral codes of behaviour. The government also provides donors with free health insurance, and the patients sometimes give an additional donation to donors. Collaborative religious coping refers to a search for control through a partnership with God. He gave me my life and He can take it back. In public, people behave in the way that will benefit them (i.e. It is the same with the saints and Imams. Visiting pilgrims is for me like praying. Seven major themes emerged: respect for dignity, professional integrity, professional commitment, developing human relationships, justice, honesty, and promoting individuals and the nursing profession. (p. 12). We pay our respects to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander custodians past, present and emerging. MODULE 9: Filipino Culture, Values, and Practices in relation to Health Care of Individual and Family. One can notice it in the institutions dedicated to technology and medical sciences, but also in the general populations remarkable mobilisation of multiple social networks. Breuer developed what he referred to as a cathartic treatment for hysteria. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Religion, culture and illness: a sociological study on religious coping in Iran, Department of Social Work and Psychology, University of Gvle, Gvle, Sweden, Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Department of Counseling Psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran, Department of Nursing, Khoy Medical Sciences Faculty, Urmia Medical Sciences University, Khoy, Iran, Department of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, Swedish Agency for Work Environment Knowledge, Gvle, Sweden, Initial development of the Iranian Religious Coping Scale, Non-Hajj pilgrimage in Islam: A neglected dimension of religious circulation, A contrastive study of Arabic and Persian formulas against the evil eye used by women, Does being religious help or hinder coping with chronic illness? While the nuclear family is modestly sized, close relationships with the extended family mean peoples family networks are sometimes quite large. Health customs: In some cultures, family members play a large role in health care decisionmaking. Figure 1. Dating practices vary significantly between regions, and are impacted by attitudes and education. According to Nation Master, females made up over 60% of the overall Iranian student body in 2012. Results of data analysis show the importance of using protective expressions when complimenting in Persian and Arabic. August 12, 2011. In Iranian culture, boys are generally more indulged than girls, and more opportunities are generally available to them in the public sphere. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore determinants of early . whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons. Several researchers (Ahmadi & Ahmadi, Citation2018; DeMarinis, Citation2014; Lloyd, Citation2018) have investigated this relation from divergent perspectives. This cultural content is crucial in constructing individuals identities and ethical/moral worldview, which in its turn serves as an orienting system when navigating social relationships. Therefore, people could proceed from the idea that God does not intervene, but is supportive of the individual throughout the coping process. After that period, the family is left to . Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the informants. Knowing what you value will help you build the most meaningful life possible. Twenty-seven participants with various kinds of cancer were interviewed. Research by Ahmad Ali Noorbala and colleagues from Tehran University of Medical Sciences shows women in Iran have a greater incidence of mental disorders than women in Western cultures. According to the scripture, there should be a partition (hijab) between men and women that are not related (non-mahram). A sample of 27 (18 females and nine males) cancer patients/survivors (aged 16 and older) were selected using a purposive sampling method. Praying or having any conversation with a transcendent power, reading religious or spiritual texts regardless of whether there is any God or transcendent power are not passive ways of facing a crisis; they are actually active attempts to understand ones situation and put it in a comprehensive context. Improving patient and family care outcomes has been said to require "nuanced understanding of cultural con-texts for those who provide care and those who receive it" (Schim & Doorenbos, 2010, p. 1). They are also sometimes taught early that the protection of family honour also resides with them. It is common for Iranians to refer to themselves as Persian, which carries the association and prestige of the historical empire.1 The Iranian culture and people have a history of being one of the most progressive in the Middle East. Traditions, cultural values, attitudes and behaviors help in children's rearing in the society and relays the family structure from generation to generation [ 7 ]. I believe God wanted to warn me with illness and maybe death to change my life and be a better person. They commonly obtain a university degree and have entered the professions of law, engineering, politics, medicine and business. In order to provide sensitive and culturally appropriate care, nurses should be aware of the general impact of cultural norms and values on the process of maternal role attainment and strive to meet the cultural needs of all mothers. Nevertheless, the results of several studies (Ahmadi, Citation2006, Citation2015; Ahmadi, Park, Kim, & Ahmadi Citation2017; Ahmadi & Ahmadi, Citation2018) reveal the occurrence of other coping strategies that can hardly be regarded as religious or spiritual, for instance, strategies connected to nature. Religious actions are integrated parts of the everyday life of people in Muslim countries, including Iran. perceived severity. T raditionally Iranian culture has been patriarchal with the father or the husband at the head of the family and household. We will try by sociologically analyzing the results, to discuss the role of cultural beliefs in coping. Why Are So Many Young Men Single And Sexless? Patients then use the data forwarded to families and family members to come to a solid understanding of their health status. Seeking Support from Clergy or Congregation Members refers to a search for comfort and reassurance through the love and care of these individuals. 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